Estonia Population: 1,266,375
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| Background | |
| After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011. |
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| Geography | |
| The mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands | |
| Location: | Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia |
| Geographic coordinates: | 59 00 N, 26 00 E |
| Area: | total: 45,228 sq km land: 42,388 sq km water: 2,840 sq km note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea Size comparison: slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 633 km border countries: Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km |
| Coastline: | 3,794 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states |
| Climate: | maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers |
| Terrain: | marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m |
| Natural resources: | oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud |
| Land use: | arable land: 12.05% permanent crops: 0.35% other: 87.6% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 40 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: | sometimes flooding occurs in the spring |
| Current Environment Issues: | air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People | |
| Population: | 1,266,375 (July 2013 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 15.4% (male 100,605/female 94,831) 15-24 years: 11.9% (male 77,302/female 73,446) 25-54 years: 41.3% (male 250,997/female 272,460) 55-64 years: 13.1% (male 71,442/female 94,278) 65 years and over: 18.2% (male 76,356/female 154,658) (2013 est.) population pyramid: |
| Median age: | total: 40.8 years male: 37.2 years female: 44.1 years (2012 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | -0.65% (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 10.43 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Death rate: | 13.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 6.94 deaths/1,000 live births male: 8.07 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 73.58 years male: 68.3 years female: 79.19 years (2012 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.45 children born/woman (2013 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 1.2% (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 9,900 (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | fewer than 500 (2009 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Estonian(s) adjective: Estonian |
| Ethnic groups: | Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census) |
| Religions: | Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census) |
| Languages: | Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.8% male: 99.8% female: 99.8% (2010 census) |
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| Government | |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Estonia conventional short form: Estonia local long form: Eesti Vabariik local short form: Eesti former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Government type: | parliamentary republic |
| Capital: | name: Tallinn geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October |
| Administrative divisions: | 15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru) note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses |
| Independence: | 20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union |
| Constitution: | adopted 28 June 1992 |
| Legal system: | civil law system |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006) head of government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005) cabinet: Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament election results: Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25 |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 6 March 2011 (next to be held in March 2015) election results: percent of vote by party - Estonian Reform Party 28.6%, Center Party of Estonia 23.3%, IRL 20.5%, SDE 17.1%, Estonian Greens 3.8%, Estonian People's Union 2.1%, other 4.6%; seats by party - Estonian Reform Party 33, Center Party 21, IRL 23, SDE 19, unaffiliated 5 |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (chairman appointed for life by Parliament) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]; Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]; Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Margo MILJAND]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | |
| International organization participation: | Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Marina KALJURAND chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101 FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108 consulate(s) general: New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey LEVINE embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [372] 668-8100 FAX: [372] 668-8134 |
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| Economy | |
| Estonia, a member of the European Union and the eurozone since 2004, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. Tallinn's priority has been to sustain high growth rates - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008 with GDP contracting 14.3% in 2009, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe. Estonia rebounded nearly 8% in 2011 and the Estonian economy now has one of the higher GDP growth rates in Europe. Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011. | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity): $28.44 billion (2012 est.) $27.76 billion (2011 est.) $25.79 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $21.42 billion (2012 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 2.4% (2012 est.) 7.6% (2011 est.) 2.3% (2010 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP): $21,200 (2012 est.) $20,700 (2011 est.) $19,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 3.7% industry: 30.2% services: 66.1% (2012 est.) |
| Labor force: | 675,900 (2012 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 4.2% industry: 20.2% services: 75.6% (2010) |
| Unemployment rate: | 11.5% (2012 est.) 12.5% (2011 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 17.5% (2010) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 27.7% (2004) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 31.3 (2010) 37 (1999) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (2012 est.) 5% (2011 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 23.3% of GDP (2012 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $7.915 billion expenditures: $8.439 billion (2012 est.) |
| Public debt: | 8% of GDP (2012 est.) 5.9% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds |
| Agriculture - products: | grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish |
| Industries: | engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 18% (2011 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 12.89 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 89 |
| Electricity - consumption: | 7.755 billion kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 4.354 billion kWh (2010 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 1.1 billion kWh (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 701 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 701 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $498 million (2012 est.) $477 million (2011 est.) |
| Exports: | $17.38 billion (2012 est.) $16.78 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3% |
| Exports - partners: | Sweden 17%, Finland 16.3%, Russia 11.9%, Latvia 8.6%, Germany 4.9%, Lithuania 4.9% (2011) |
| Imports: | $17.87 billion (2012 est.) $17.09 billion (2011 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery and electrical equipment 22%, mineral fuels 18%, chemical products 3%, foodstuffs 6%, plastics 6%, textiles 5% |
| Imports - partners: | Finland 13.4%, Latvia 11.6%, Sweden 11.3%, Germany 10.9%, Lithuania 8.7%, Poland 7.2%, China 4.7% (2011) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $217 million (31 December 2012 est.) $207.5 million (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $25.92 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $24.98 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $16.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $16.56 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $6.609 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $7.359 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $1.611 billion (31 December 2011) $2.26 billion (31 December 2010) $2.654 billion (31 December 2009) |
| Exchange rates: | kroon (EEK) per US dollar - 0.784 (2012 est.) 0.72 (2011 est.) 11.81 (2010 est.) 11.23 (2009) 10.7 (2008) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications | |
| Telephones in use: | 471,900 (2011) country comparison to the world: 101 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 1.863 million (2011) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available domestic: substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | |
| Television broadcast stations: | |
| Internet country code: | .ee |
| Internet hosts: | 865,494 (2012) |
| Internet users: | 971,700 (2009) |
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| Transportation | |
| Airports: | 18 (2012) country comparison to the world: 140 |
| Airports (paved runways): | total: 13 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2012) |
| Heliports: | 1 (2012) |
| Pipelines: | gas 859 km (2010) |
| Railways: | total: 1,200 km broad gauge: 1,200 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2008) |
| Roadways: | total: 58,034 km (includes 41,912 urban roads) paved: 34,936 km (includes 104 km of expressways) unpaved: 23,098 km (2009) |
| Waterways: | 335 km (320 km are navigable year round) (2011) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 25 by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 2 foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Norway 2) registered in other countries: 63 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Cambodia 1, Canada 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 6, Dominica 6, Finland 2, Latvia 3, Malta 16, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 2, Sweden 3, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010) |
| Ports and terminals: | Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn |
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| Military | |
| Military branches: | Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012) |
| Military service age and obligation: | obligation for compulsory service ages 16-60, with conscription "likely" ages 18-27; service requirement 8-11 months (2009) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 291,801 females age 16-49: 302,696 (2010 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 210,854 females age 16-49: 251,185 (2010 est.) |
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